Regular readers will be aware of my intermittent, occasional articles on the zoos and other animal-based visitor centres of the world, published as and when I remember to do them...
Caption: a montage of carnivorans kept at the New Forest Wildlife Park. Images: Darren Naish.
Over the weekend I visited the New Forest Wildlife Park, a visitor attraction not more than an hour’s drive from where I live, and in an effort to take advantage of what’s still live and active in my short-term memory, now is a good time to write a review.
Caption: the entrance sign as it looked in 2016 (at left) and as it looks in 2024. A great many visitor attractions were hit hard by the Covid pandemic and of course many didn’t survive at all. I have no idea how NFWP made it through that time, but I wonder if the greater visibility of the current sign is related to this time of hardship. Images: Darren Naish.
The New Forest Wildlife Park – NFWP from hereon – is located in Ashurst on the eastern side of New Forest National Park and has existed as an animal-based visitor attraction since 1981. At that time it was known as the New Forest Butterfly Farm and basically consisted of a large heated glasshouse with some adjacent outbuildings. By 1995, it had changed to New Forest Nature Quest, an innovative site devoted to British wildlife and priding itself on the design of its enclosures and on the fact that any observations of its animals would capture what it’s like to see them in the wild. A 1996 Independent article that explains Nature Quest and its ethos is here.
Place of otters and owls. A change of hands in 1997 saw the site’s wildlife collection expand as otters, owls, lynx and boar were added, and it then became the New Forest Otter, Owl and Wildlife Park. This explains the preponderance of owls and otters still there today, and in fact few places are home to as many otter species as this one, the current list on show including Giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis, Eurasian otter Lutra lutra, Smooth-coated otter Lutrogale perspicillata and Asian short-clawed otter Aonyx cinereus. North American river otter Lontra canadensis was there in the recent past.
Caption: the Giant otter occurs across a huge swathe of northern South America that historically extended from north-eastern Argentina and eastern Uruguay to Venezuela in the north, though it’s now extinct across part of this range and endangered overall. As is obvious from these photos, its short muzzle, tall forehead, bulging eyes and small ears give it a very unusual appearance that some people find disturbing. Images: Darren Naish.
Caption: some more images from NFWP that highlight the unusual nature of the Giant otter. The flexible, muscular body, powerful limbs and dorsoventrally compressed, ‘wing-like’ tail (which explains its generic name, this being Pteronura) are all obvious here. NFWP bred Giant otters in 2023. Images: Darren Naish.
Caption: lone European otter currently on show at NFWP. Little commented on is how remarkable the range of this species is: it extends from the European Atlantic fringes all the way east to Japan and the Korean Peninsula, and also includes southeast Asia and Sumatra, a good chunk of northern Africa, in addition to far southern India and Sri Lanka. Images: Darren Naish.
Caption: the North American river otter can look pretty odd from a Eurasian perspective. It’s especially big and muscular, and animals in some populations (but not all) have a tremendously whiskery, grizzled face. NFWP had two individuals on show in 2016, both visible here. Images: Darren Naish.
What about those eponymous owls? Little owl Athene noctua, Tawny owl Strix aluco, Great grey owl S. nebulosus, Long-eared owl Asio otus, Eurasian eagle owl Bubo bubo, Snowy owl B. scandiacus and Common barn owl Tyto alba are present today, a collection clearly selected to reflect the mostly ‘native European’ theme of the park in its modern form. Other owls, some very much ‘less European’, were there as recently as 2016, including Great horned owl B. virginianus, Burrowing owl Athene cunicularia, Brown wood owl Strix leptogrammica, Ural owl S. uralensis, and Northern hawk owl Surnia ulula.
Caption: an owl montage depicting species kept at NFWP today and in the past. Clockwise from upper left: Great horned owl, Northern hawk-owl, Great grey owl, Snowy owl. Owls are afroavians (yes, that’s the vernacular term we should be using) with the latest studies showing that they are indeed close to hawks, eagles and Old World vultures (the accipitriforms). Images: Darren Naish.
Since 2010, the site has been known as the New Forest Wildlife Park and it very much emphasises its role in conservation, many of its animals being part of captive breeding programmes. I have actually written about the NFWP before – way back in 2007 – though on that occasion I used my visit as an excuse to write about peculiarities of the UK’s large mammal fauna in general.
The grounds. I’ve said before that you can and should judge the quality of a zoo or wildlife park by the quality, extent and landscaping of its grounds. NFWP scores well on this front, the spaces between and around enclosures mostly being forested and well vegetated, often featuring plants grown for their usefulness to birds and insects. Bird feeders*, bee hives and insect and hedgehog wintering sites are dotted about. The enclosures for many of the animals – including lynxes, wolves and deer – feel like they’re continuous with the surrounding woodland, generally contain the right amount of trees and understory, and have a natural-looking, complex topography.
* We always thought it was a good thing to feed the birds. In recent years it’s been shown that certain species – finches in particular – have died off due to diseases transmitted by the sharing of plastic and metal bird feeders. Today, it may be deemed better to not feed the birds.
Caption: big hoofstock really should have access to large green spaces, and NFWP is able to provide this for its deer and bison. This photo from February 2012 (when light snow was on the ground, see foreground) shows Red deer and European bison using the field present at the park’s northern edge. Image: Darren Naish.
Caption: the grounds and surrounds of zoos, wildlife parks and so on are as important as the enclosures and their animals. You feel appropriately surrounded by trees at NFWP. The lynx enclosure, shown at right, includes a viewing window (note the bird stickers to prevent collisions) as well as an electrified fence. Images: Darren Naish.
Caption: tits photographed at NFWP feeders in 2016. Coal tit Periparus ater at left; Great tit Parus major and European blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus at right. The grounds attract a large number of locally occurring birds and other animals. Image: Darren Naish.
Some sections of the park are massively dominated by rhododendron. This creates what looks like a good, heavily vegetated habitat, but it’s one that’s actually devoid of things other than rhododendron: it’s a smothering, non-native plant that creates toxic leaf litter and has a dense root network that stops other plants from growing. On that note, a section in the middle of the park doesn’t feel as healthy and occupied by living things as it should, and this includes a swamp in the rhododendron-dominated area and two large ponds that are advertised as ‘frog ponds’. I checked and didn’t see a single amphibian (not even a tadpole), so I think that redesign and habitat management is needed for that section.
Caption: one of the two large ponds in the middle of the park. It looks pretty good in this shot but changes could be made to make it better suited for amphibians. Tadpoles (and spawning Common frogs Rana temporaria) really benefit from extensive shallow areas, so wildlife ponds should be constructed with this in mind. Image: Darren Naish.
Having mentioned amphibians, a single species is on show, namely Common toad Bufo bufo. Actually, I initially thought that the lone toad I saw was a European green toad Bufotes viridis (which is not a British native)… but no. Other than the aforementioned birds, there are no reptiles on show.
Caption: male Common toad at NFWP. Common toads are geographically widespread but the news about their persistence is not good, with massive population crashes being reported across Europe. One hypothesis is that the obliteration of young metamorphs on roads (and not adults so much) is a primary factor in this decline. Image: Darren Naish.
Smaller mammals. Located close to the entrance are a number of well-vegetated enclosures that house Red fox Vulpes vulpes, European badger Meles meles and both European polecat Mustela putorius and their domestic brethren the Ferret M. p. furo. Some are designed within the ethos of ‘Nature Quest’ discussed above, such that you peer through small openings and the animals don’t know you’re watching. It’s effective and I like this feature a lot. The badgers are rescue animals and the polecats are part of a successful breeding programme. Polecats were in severe decline in the UK but this has definitely been in reverse since the late 20th century.
Caption: I didn’t see any badgers on this trip, but here’s wooden art depicting one on the viewer’s side of their enclosure. The small viewing ports allow the animals to be observed without being aware of it. Image: Darren Naish.
While on mustelids, I should add that Pine martens Martes martes are present in a large caged enclosure near the deer and wildcats (discussed below). You get good views of them, especially when they climb about in the tunnel that allows them to leave the main part of the enclosure. The Pine marten, like the European polecat, was formerly in dire straits across the UK but it has increased in range and numbers in recent decades, and wild animals now occur in the New Forest again. NFWP has two martens and has bred four litters of kits between 2015 and 2023, all of which have been passed to other collections or released into the wild.
Caption: Pine marten, photographed (with rodent food object) inside wire tunnel. Martens of tradition seem not to be monophyletic, since both fishers (Pekkania) and the American marten Martes americana might be closer to wolverines or tayras (I guess this goes for the Pacific marten M. caurina as well). American and Pacific martens need a new generic name if this is right. Image: Darren Naish.
On rodents, rats, dormice, squirrels and others have been kept at the site in the past but I think that only Eurasian harvest mouse Micromys minutus are there today, which is good because they’re about the most visible and non-cryptic of European rodents in captivity.
Caption: despite their name, harvest mice aren’t necessarily animals of arable fields, since they also occur in rough grassland and reedbeds. The species familiar in Europe occurs across Asia as well, and a related one (the Indochinese harvest mouse M. erythrotis) occurs in China, Vietnam and presumably elsewhere in eastern Asia. Image: Darren Naish.
Hoofstock 1: deer. Moving now to hoofed mammals, three deer species are currently on show. Fallow deer Dama dama and Sika deer Cervus nippon are both contained within a large walk-through area where they’re only semi-enclosed. The collection used to include several Sika but I only saw one during my latest visit (a hind called Saffy), and it was lying down with a Fallow group. It was interesting to compare and contrast its appearance to that of the Fallow: both are cervine deer, but members of very distinct lineages.
Caption: a reclining deer group consisting mostly of Fallow, but with a lone Sika at lower left. The Fallow deer at NFWP include very dark individuals as well as standard white-spotted ones. Note how just about everything about the Sika is different once you start checking. Image: Darren Naish.
A small group of Red deer C. elaphus are present too, though in a separate fenced area. At this time of year (April), stags lack antlers but antler buds were prominent on Maverick, the big stag within the group. Sika and Fallow are both introduced to the UK (though now very much naturalised and clearly here to stay) whereas the Red is a true native, as is the smaller and highly abundant Western roe deer Capreolus capreolus, the only capreoline deer that survived in the UK into modern times (Moose Alces alces and Reindeer Rangifer tarandus were formerly present here, and reindeer have since been reintroduced).
Caption: reclining Red deer group at NFWP (clearly, I was looking at them during deer nap time). Maverick the stag is obvious at left. Red deer are big, a male generally weighing 240 kg and standing 1.2 m at the shoulder, but not in the same league as the east Asian/North American Wapiti C. canadensis, where males are not uncommonly over 400 kg and 1.5 m at the shoulder. Image: Darren Naish.
Caption: the same Red deer antler at NFWP, photographed in 2016 (at left) and 2024. Note the good amount of rodent gnaw damage that’s now obvious, presumably caused by Grey squirrel Sciurus carolinensis. Images: Darren Naish.
Chinese muntjac Muntiacus reevesi used to be kept at the park but they’re not there today, despite still being on the signage. This tricks me every time: I love muntjac and always embark into the park expecting to see them. Muntjac are well known for having a major destructive impact on woodland understorey and are regarded as pests. I’m assuming that, for that reason, their keeping is now discouraged in British wildlife collections.
Caption: deer photographed at NFWP in the past, all female. Left to right: Chinese muntjac, Sika, Fallow. The Fallow deer at far right is giving a helpful illustration of how flexible the deer neck is: that neck is twisted and inverted such that the animal’s head is almost completely upside-down. I have a feeling that the photo was featured on SV-POW! for this reason. Images: Darren Naish.
Hoofstock 2: bovids. Moving now to bovids, NFWP also has a small flock of Mouflon Ovis gmelini. Old World wild sheep fall into three main species groups: mouflons, urials and argalis (we absolutely must avoid the species- and subspecies-level taxonomy for the purposes of this article). Mouflons are the most westerly of the three, their various populations occurring in western Asia, part of the Middle East and on some Mediterranean islands. There’s a lot to say about the diversity, taxonomy and history of wild sheep, and in fact I have written at length about these animals before. This is shorthand for saying that I’m not going to say more much about them now.
The NFWP mouflon are relatively recent additions, having joined the collection in 2014, and they’ve been successfully breeding since 2015 (6 lambs were born in 2023 alone). Their enclosure is big and spacious. I’ve learnt that most people have never heard the word ‘mouflon’ nor have any concept of what such an animal might be.
Caption: reclining male Mouflon. There are several ideas on what to do about Mouflon taxonomy but it all depends on how independent the population in question is from domestic sheep (Ovis aries). Those Mouflon that aren’t of domestic ancestry should beOvis gmelini Blyth, 1841. Note that the horn tips of this male have been clipped so that they don’t keep growing and pierce his face: yes, this does happen! Image: Darren Naish.
Also on bovids, European bison or Wisent Bison bonasus are present too. European bison are nice and all but they’re virtually always smaller and less impressive than classic American ones (which I don’t think I’ve never seen, not even in captivity). In part, this is because European bison are the hybrid products of Steppe bison B. priscus and Aurochs Bos primigenius crossings, the result meaning that they’re more ‘cow x bison’ in appearance than their Pleistocene bison forebears (Barnett 2019). NFWP has three bison, all males, one of which was only born in 2020.
Caption: the three European bison currently on show at NFWP. The big male at right is Leszek (born at Fota Park in Ireland in 2008) and the male at the back is Heimdall (born in Barcelona Zoo in 2010). The young bull born in 2020 – Vlad – is at far left. I know all this biographical info thanks to the park’s excellent signage. Image: Darren Naish.
A constant area of discussion in UK rewilding circles concerns where and when bison will be released into the British countryside, and it won’t surprise you to know that we mostly don’t have sufficient space or ‘wildness’ to allow them to roam without encountering people. Then again, they’re not much more dangerous or reckless than cows and there are plenty of those roaming about the place (both standard modern breeds as well as archaic long-horned forms). Also part of the discussion is whether bison should be here anyway, since the evidence for their occurrence as wild-living natives in post-glacial UK is scant and controversial. Anyway, the ‘rewilding’ has started, since several were released into the wild of Kent in 2022 as part of the Wilder Blean Bison Project. One of these animals was pregnant on being released and hence ‘wild-born’ bison are in the UK already.
Caption: this photo is nothing whatsoever to do with the New Forest Wildlife Park, but is included here because it highlights the fact that cattle of various kinds – including the English longhorns shown here – occur in places across the British landscape. Most famously, we have the white Chillingham cattle (which I really must write about at some point). This photo was taken at Came Down (yes, real name), Dorset, in 2010. Image: Darren Naish.
The boars are back in town. At least we agree that Wild boar Sus scrofa is definitely a British native, and one that’s now back and very much present in the country due to releases both accidental and deliberate. A big, adult male boar is an impressive and formidable animal, so much so that people have long been inspired to depict these animals in sculpture and other forms of art; that’s an interesting topic that I’ve been planning to write about here ever since I first read about the Roman boar statue, dating to the 1550s, on display at the Ashmolean in Oxford.
Caption: the Italian boar statue today on display at the Ashmolean, where it’s been located since 1845 after being taken from a garden in Rome. Art historians and researchers have known about the statue since the 1550s but it’s clearly older than that. Its hooves and a few other sections have been repaired. Various bronze and marble statues based on this one are located elsewhere in Italy. I see this statue (and its copies) as celebrations of our appreciation of the wild boar, an amazing animal. Image: Darren Naish.
Boars living in the UK today – and those elsewhere in Europe – are a bit of a mess in genetic terms, typically (if not ubiquitously) incorporating genes from various domestic pig breeds. I don’t think that anyone has worked out, or cares all that much, what a ‘pure’ European or British wild boar might look like, but it’s notable that many of the boars we see in the UK today have black or near-black hair and a ‘dished’ (concave), short-snouted face. True, wild-type boar are browner and have a flat forehead and very long snout.
Caption: boars kept at NFWP in the past, a sow photographed in 2007 at left, and a boar (as in, a male boar, ha) photographed in 2009 at right. Note that the sow is extremely bulky, short-tailed and black, all features which indicate that she carries a lot more domestic pig genes than the other boars shown here. Images: Darren Naish.
Caption: the big male boar – Duke – on show at NFWP in 2024. He (and a female called Duchess) arrived from Wildwood Trust in Kent in 2021. Note how different his long, tasselled tail is from at least one of the boars shown in the pictures above (an issue relevant to the discussion on the Kleinmachnow lion case of July 2023). Images: Darren Naish.
The key value of boar, whether they’re part domestic pig or not, is that they plough and overturn the ground while foraging, and thus act as ecosystem engineers. This role is crucial in regeneration and soil health, but it means that they quickly turn any small enclosed patch into a sodden quagmire, and such has happened with both boar enclosures at NFWP. Three boars are there at the moment, all new since 2021 and originating from Wildwood Trust in Kent. They bred last year but I didn’t see the piglets… or boarlets, if you prefer. Boar have been at NFWP park beforehand, as you can see from the photos above.
Cats of Europe. Two European cat species are on show, namely European wildcat Felis silvestris and Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx. The wildcats are in a large and recently constructed cage with numerous wooden platforms and ramps. This doesn’t strike me as the sort of enclosure they might prefer if they had a say in the matter (I would assume something heavily vegetated), but it does mean that they can be readily seen. UPDATE: I realise now that the enclosure is too new to be properly planted. It will become greener very soon.
Caption: the wildcat enclosure as of 2024, with a sleeping/resting cat visible as a black blob on a platform at upper right. It’s clearly a recently constructed enclosure, and note that the plants within it are new and young. Give it another few years and the space here will be substantially greener and more vegetated. Image: Darren Naish.
Caption: a wildcat at NFWP, photographed in 2016 in a different enclosure from the one they’re present in now. The large amount of white on this animal’s face shows – I think – that it’s a different individual from the two on show today. Image: Darren Naish.
The signage has it that these are specifically Scottish wildcats, and that they’re thus F. s. grampia. However, it’s no longer thought that British wildcats are worthy of taxonomic distinction from those of mainland Europe (Kitchener 1991). I’ll say something else I often say when discussing British wildcats: the name ‘Scottish wildcat’ is misleading as it creates the impression that this animal is and was unique to the north, but it wasn’t, occurring as recently as 1800 in Wales and England too (Langley & Yalden 1977). It only became ‘Scottish’ because of persecution.
Caption: two wildcats are present in the enclosure as of 2024, and here’s one of them about to leap from one shelf to another. Scottish wildcats are always said to look much like domestic tabby cats but for their thicker, blunt-tipped tail, generally broader face, and general lack of white on the chin and chest. Image: Darren Naish.
On lynxes, the site was formerly home to a splendid adult male called Odin, and more recently a female called Munchkin. Today, two sisters – Tora and Inga, both originally from the Highland Wildlife Park in Scotland – occupy the big lynx enclosure and have done since 2019. You’ve probably heard how notoriously cryptic lynxes are, but I’ve seen them at NFWP every single time I’ve visited, sometimes very close to the viewing area.
Caption: lynxes present at NFWP in the past. The photo at left was taken in 2007, and I think it shows Odin, a male. The one at right is from 2016 and I think it shows Munchkin, a female. They’re definitely different animals if you look at the spots on the limbs. Images: Darren Naish.
Caption: the two females lynxes of NFWP, photographed in 2024. Pretty frustrating that I couldn’t stop the lens from focusing on that rhododendron branch, but at least both animals are in the same shot. The Eurasian lynx is a British native and was here at least as recently as the 8th or 9th century. Dialogue continues on whether there should be an official reintroduction programme. Images: Darren Naish.
Macropods of the UK. Anyone familiar with the UK’s mammal fauna will know why wallabies are present at NFWP: it’s because the Red-necked or Bennett’s wallaby Notamacropus rufogriseus (specifically its Tasmanian subspecies N. r. rufogriseus) has been introduced and/or has escaped into several locations within the British countryside. These include Herm in the Channel Islands, Bedfordshire in eastern England, Staffordshire in the West Midlands, the Weald in south-east England, the Isle of Man, the Derbyshire Peak District in the north, and Loch Lomond in central Scotland (Lever 1977, 2009, Yalden 1988, English & Caravaggi 2020). Some of these colonies were doing well for a time but have since dwindled and disappeared, though occasional sightings continue to be reported and might mean that low numbers persist (English & Caravaggi 2020).
Caption: NFWP Bennett’s wallaby photographed in the act of stretching. The syndactyl 2nd and 3rd toes on the feet should be visible. The British populations mostly feed on heather, but grasses, pine, bracken shoots, oak, rowan and birch are eaten too. Image: Darren Naish.
Included in the same area of NFWP as the lynx (which are way over at one end) and wallabies (which are in the middle) are the wolves Canis lupus. These wolves are specifically Northwestern, Alaskan or Canadian timber wolf C. l. occidentalis, one of the largest and longest-limbed of wolves. They’re surprisingly big and thick-coated. NFWP currently has four, all siblings born at Colchester Zoo in 2010 and relocated to NFWP in 2011. A fifth member of the group, a female called Cedar, sadly died in 2024. This relatedness explains their similar looks, since some individuals there possess a distinctive sloping upper surface to the muzzle with a dark midline stripe.
Caption: one of the park’s Alaskan timber wolves. The thick coat is presumably a winter feature, but note also the substantial variation in colour across the animal’s head, body and limbs. It’s generally agreed that the wolf became extinct in the UK in about 1700 when the last Scottish individuals died or were killed, and the species was gone from England by the late 1400s. Skeletal remains show that British wolves were large and superficially like timber wolves. Image: Darren Naish.
As they’ve aged, the wolves have become paler: some were very dark just a few years ago. The park had wolves before this though, since some of the photos you see here are from 2012 yet show adults.
Caption: the NFWP wolf pack photographed in 2016, this meaning that it shows the same individuals as those living there today (with the exception of a female who died this year). Lots of interesting body language is visible here, including raised, tucked and horizontal tail postures, and it should be obvious who the leader is (and… we don’t use the term ‘alpha’ anymore). Image: Darren Naish.
Caption: the NFWP wolf enclosure at it looked in February 2012 (that’s snow on the ground), showing a different set of wolves than the Colchester pack depicted above. Image: Darren Naish.
Final comments. And that ends my look at the New Forest Wildlife Park. As should be clear, it includes a good selection of animals that – with a few exceptions – very much feel part of the same, western European theme. Those exceptions include the Giant otters, but I so enjoy seeing them that I still regard their presence as a major draw. The landscaping and enclosures are good but I do think there’s room for involvement here and there: I really want to see those ponds improved, the rhododendron-spoilt area should be modified, and the fact that the boars have ruined their enclosures means that they should be given something better. Yes, I know that that’s easier said than done…
A real stand-out feature of the park is the quality of its signage. A massive amount of tidily-presented information is presented to the public, and there are small signs explaining the histories of the individual animals on show and what their names are.
Caption: a final reminder of the very special visage of the South American Giant otter, a truly remarkable mammal. Image: Darren Naish.
On other matters, the park has a decent café and shop, the parking is fine, admission is not expensive relative to similar attractions, and there’s a good mix of things for families with kids, and things for people who just want to go and look at animals. The New Forest Wildlife Park is definitely on my recommended list: go there if you can. Its website is here.
We finish with my wholly subjective scoring system…
Selection of species: 7 out of 10
Zoo nerd highlights: Giant otter, Scottish wildcat, Alaskan timber wolf
Quality of signage: 9 out of 10
Value for money: 9 out of 10
Overall worthiness: 9 out of 10
And for previous articles in my zoo reviews series, and articles relevant to some of the topics touched on here, see…
Britain: wildlife theme-park, December 2007
Tet Zoo Reviews Zoos: Edinburgh Zoo, August 2016
Tet Zoo Reviews Zoos: Colchester Zoo, October 2017
TetZoo Reviews Zoos: the Isle of Wight Zoo, February 2020
Ross Barnett’s 2019 The Missing Lynx: the Past and Future of Britain’s Lost Mammals, May 2021
TetZoo Reviews Zoos: ZSL Whipsnade Zoo, June 2021
TetZoo Reviews Zoos: Bristol Zoo, July 2021
TetZoo Reviews Zoos: Tripoli Zoo in Libya, January 2023
Refs - -
Barnett, R. 2019. The Missing Lynx: the Past and Future of Britain’s Lost Mammals. Bloomsbury Wildlife, London.
English, H. M. & Caravaggi, A. 2020. Where’s wallaby? Using public records and media reports to describe the status of red-necked wallabies in Britain. Ecology & Evolution 10, 12949-12959.
Kitchener, A. C. 1991. The Natural History of the Wild Cats. Christopher Helm, London.
Langley, P. J. W. & Yalden, D. W. 1977. The decline of the rarer carnivores in Great Britain during the nineteenth century. Mammal Review 7, 95-116.
Lever, C. 1977. The Naturalized Animals of the British Isles. Hutchinson & Co, London.
Lever, C. 2009. The Naturalized Animals of Britain and Ireland. New Holland Publishers, London.
Yalden, D. 1988. Feral wallabies in the Peak District, 1971-1985. Journal of Zoology 215, 369-374.
